▪   One of the most salient changes in the world economy since 1980 has been the move toward freer trade among countries across the globe. How do existing theories about trade policy explain this puzzle? Three sets of explanations are prominent. First, many focus on changes in trade policy…

Trump’s decision to impose tariffs on both Mexican and Canadian metal imports advanced the level of trade tensions that were already present in the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). President Enrique Peña Nieto and Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau rebuked the United States’ decision…

International trade is the inseparable companion of transportation and this paper will investigate in separate parts theory,, and the public organizations and NGO's that encompass international commerce. How cargo is classified not only for valuation of duties and taxation but for the efficient…

It is important to separate the different components of international trade between fixed and mobile assets. It is useful to view the fixed assets of international trade as the support functions for the mobile assets. For example seaports, airports and ground terminal for truck and rail services are…

In following with previous papers on international trade technology, this paper will focus on the issues related to bulk trade of commodities and exchanges such as the Baltic Exchange for contract bidding of freight carriage. Ocean is by volume the largest mover of commodities and finished goods…

ABSTRACTMay 11, 2017This paper will take a different approach to analyze the various components of trade and transportation from the perspective of the tangible complements of the industry such as the association of geographic links and commodities to weights and measures as well as time and…

ABSTRACTInternational trade pricing is defined by the concept of International Parity Price or (IPP), “The price that a purchaser pays or can expect to pay for imported goods; thus the (c.i.f.) import price plus tariff plus transport cost to the purchaser's location. This and the export parity price…

Price or pricing is probably one of the most difficult issues to resolve in the theory of economics. Transformation from a raw material to a finish product goes through several stages of pricing which is finally reflected in the ultimate price to the consumer at the checkout counter.How these prices…

ABSTRACTIn “The Art of War,” Sun Tzu states that “Every battle is won or lost before it’s ever fought”. Détente was used during the cold war for easing strained relations, especially, in using the threat of a preempt attack. Today, a battle space has many dimensions which now include cyberspace. The…